@article {1478,
	title = {What determines urban households{\textquoteright} willingness to pay for CO2 emission reductions in Turkey: A contingent valuation survey},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {689-698},
	abstract = {<p>This paper explores Turkish urban households{\textquoteright} willingness to pay (WTP) for CO2 emission reductions expected to result from improvements in power production. A face-to-face questionnaire, with a Contingent valuation (CV) module prepared using the double-bounded dichotomous choice elicitation framework, was administered to 2422 respondents representative of urban Turkey{\textemdash}a developing country with low but rapidly increasing greenhouse gas emissions. The determinants of WTP were identified by considering not only the impact of standard socio-economic factors but also the effects of environmental knowledge, attitudes and behaviour, the relevance of the identity of the collection agent (national versus international institutions) in terms of trust people have towards them, and the degree of perceived participation of others in the realization of the project. Our study confirms the existing literature in demonstrating that WTP figures reported by young and educated people that are active on environmental issues, and who also possess material security and environmental knowledge, are more likely to be high. However, their willingness to make contributions is hampered significantly by their belief that their fellow citizens will not contribute and the general lack of trust in institutions. Overall, this study may be taken as a call to eliminate governance-related uncertainties in climate change deals.</p>},
	keywords = {Climate change, Contingent valuation, Turkey},
	issn = {0301-4215},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.10.042},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421510007937},
	author = {Fikret Adaman and Nihan Karal{\i} and G{\"u}rkan Kumbaro{\u g}lu and {\.I}lhan Or and Beg{\"u}m {\"O}zkaynak and {\"U}nal Zenginobuz}
}
@article {1480,
	title = {CO2, GDP and RET: An aggregate economic equilibrium analysis for Turkey},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	volume = {36},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2694-2708},
	abstract = {<p>There is a worldwide interest in renewable electricity technologies (RETs) due to growing concerns about global warming and climate change. As an EU candidate country whose energy demand increases exponentially, Turkey inevitably shares this common interest on RET. This study, using an aggregate economic equilibrium model, explores the economic costs of different policy measures to mitigate CO2 emissions in Turkey. The model combines energy demands, capital requirements and labor inputs at a constant elasticity of substitution under an economy-wide nested production function. Growing energy demand, triggered by economic growth, is met by increased supply and initiates new capacity additions. Investment into RET is encouraged via the incorporation of (a) endogenous technological learning through which the RET cost declines as a function of cumulative capacity, and (b) a willingness to pay (WTP) function which imposes the WTP of consumers as a lower bound on RET installation. The WTP equation is obtained as a function of consumer income categories, based on data gathered from a pilot survey in which the contingent valuation methodology was employed. The impacts of various emission reduction scenarios on GDP growth and RET diffusion are explored. As expected, RET penetration is accelerated under faster technological learning and higher WTP conditions. It is found that stabilizing CO2 emissions to year 2005 levels causes economic losses amounting to 17\% and 23\% of GDP in the years 2020 and 2030, respectively.</p>},
	keywords = {Energy and environmental policy modeling, Learning (experience) curves, Willingness to pay for CO emission reduction},
	issn = {0301-4215},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.03.026},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030142150800164X},
	author = {G{\"u}rkan Kumbaro{\u g}lu and Nihan Karal{\i} and Y{\i}ld{\i}z Ar{\i}kan}
}
